What Is the Average IQ?

Understanding IQ Scores

To comprehend IQ scores, it's important to have a clear understanding of what IQ means and what constitutes an average IQ score.

Definition of IQ

IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is a measure of a person's cognitive abilities and intellectual potential. It is often represented as a ratio of mental age to chronological age [1]. IQ tests are designed to assess various aspects of intellectual functioning, including problem-solving skills, logical reasoning, memory, and verbal comprehension.

Average IQ Score

The average IQ score on most standardized IQ tests is set at 100. This means that the majority of individuals fall within the range of average intelligence. Around 68% of IQ scores are within one standard deviation of the mean, between 85 and 115.

Scores between 90 and 109 are considered average on tests such as The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Stanford-Binet test [2]. It's important to note that different IQ tests may have slightly varying scales and interpretations.

In summary, an average IQ score of 100 indicates that an individual's cognitive abilities are within the typical range compared to their peers. However, it's essential to remember that IQ scores are just one measure of intelligence and do not encompass all aspects of a person's capabilities or potential.

IQ Categories

IQ scores are typically categorized into different ranges to help understand an individual's intelligence level. While it's important to remember that IQ is just one measure of intelligence, these categories can provide a general framework for interpretation. In this section, we will explore the categories of above average IQ, superior intelligence, and very superior IQ.

Above Average IQ

An IQ level of 120 would be described as 'above average' or 'bright' on an IQ scale. Any IQ score above 116 is considered above average. Individuals with an above average IQ often demonstrate advanced cognitive abilities and may excel in academic or intellectual pursuits.

Superior Intelligence

Scores ranging from 115 to 130 are often classified as "superior intelligence." This range represents individuals who possess above-average cognitive abilities [4]. Those with superior intelligence may demonstrate exceptional problem-solving skills, reasoning abilities, and a capacity for abstract thinking.

Very Superior IQ

An IQ score above 130 is usually categorized as "very superior" or sometimes colloquially referred to as "genius" or "near genius". Individuals in this category possess exceptionally high intellectual abilities and may excel in fields that require complex thinking, such as academia, research, or creative endeavors.

It's important to note that IQ scores should be considered in conjunction with other factors and should not be the sole measure of a person's capabilities or potential. IQ scores are just one aspect of a person's overall cognitive profile, and there are many different types of intelligence that cannot be fully captured by a single test.

Approximately two-thirds of the population scores between IQ 85 and IQ 115, while about 2 percent score above 130 and below 70. IQ scores provide a general understanding of intelligence levels, but it's crucial to recognize that intelligence is a multifaceted concept that extends beyond a single numeric value.

Factors Influencing IQ

IQ, or Intelligence Quotient, is influenced by a variety of factors, including both genetic and environmental influences. Additionally, socioeconomic status can play a role in shaping IQ scores. Let's explore these factors further.

Genetic Factors

Genetics play a significant role in determining a person's potential IQ. While there is no single "intelligence gene," multiple genes are involved in shaping cognitive abilities. Studies suggest that genetics account for approximately 50% of IQ variance [6]. The proportion of the variability of IQ between individuals that can be attributed to genes is estimated to be between 60% and 80% [7].

It's important to note that genetics alone do not determine intelligence. The interaction between genetic factors and environmental influences is crucial in shaping an individual's IQ. Genetic predispositions provide a potential range of intelligence, but environmental factors can either enhance or limit one's cognitive development.

Environmental Influences

Environmental factors also have a significant impact on IQ. Access to quality education, mental stimulation, and proper nutrition are key environmental factors that can contribute to cognitive development. Studies have shown that improvements in nutritional policies have led to a worldwide increase in IQ. Early cognitive stimulation, such as exposure to language, books, and engaging activities, can also positively influence IQ scores.

Conversely, adverse environmental conditions, such as exposure to toxins or neglect, can potentially hinder cognitive development. Lack of access to quality education, limited intellectual stimulation, and poor nutrition can negatively affect IQ scores. It is important to consider the impact of the environment and provide supportive and enriching experiences to promote optimal cognitive development.

Socioeconomic Status

Socioeconomic status (SES) is another influential factor in IQ scores. Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may face challenges that affect their cognitive development. Limited access to quality education, healthcare, and resources can contribute to lower IQ scores [6]. However, it is essential to recognize that socioeconomic factors do not dictate intelligence and that individuals from all backgrounds can excel intellectually.

It is worth noting that while genetic and environmental factors contribute to IQ, these influences are not deterministic. Every individual's intelligence is unique, and IQ scores should not be used as the sole measure of a person's abilities or potential. IQ is a complex construct influenced by a multitude of factors, and understanding these factors helps shed light on the dynamics of intelligence and cognitive development.

IQ Testing

IQ tests play a crucial role in assessing a person's cognitive abilities and have been used for many years to measure intelligence. In this section, we will explore the purpose of IQ tests, the test administration process, and the types of intelligence assessed.

Purpose of IQ Tests

IQ tests are designed to measure a person's problem-solving and reasoning abilities, assessing areas such as logic, spatial awareness, verbal reasoning, and visual abilities. These tests do not measure knowledge in specific subject areas, but rather focus on cognitive abilities and intellectual potential. IQ tests provide valuable information about an individual's intellectual strengths and weaknesses, helping to identify their cognitive potential and guide educational and career decisions.

Test Administration

IQ tests are typically administered by licensed psychologists or professionals trained in psychological assessment. The tests involve a series of subtests that measure various aspects of cognitive functioning. These subtests may assess mathematical abilities, language skills, memory, reasoning skills, and information-processing speed. The test administration process follows standardized protocols to ensure consistency and reliability of results.

To obtain an accurate IQ score, it is important for individuals taking the test to feel comfortable and at ease. This helps create an optimal testing environment and encourages the individual to perform to the best of their abilities. Proper test administration involves following standardized procedures, providing clear instructions, and ensuring that the test-taker understands the task at hand.

Types of Intelligence Assessed

IQ tests assess different types of intelligence, including crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and skills acquired through education and experience. It involves the ability to use previously learned information, solve problems using acquired knowledge, and apply language and mathematical skills. Fluid intelligence, on the other hand, involves reasoning, problem-solving, and making sense of abstract information. It reflects an individual's ability to think flexibly, adapt to new situations, and draw inferences [2].

IQ tests are designed to measure both crystallized and fluid intelligence, providing a comprehensive assessment of a person's intellectual abilities. By assessing multiple facets of intelligence, these tests offer insights into an individual's potential and cognitive strengths.

IQ tests have evolved over time, with scoring systems changing as well. Historically, IQ was calculated by dividing a person's mental age score by their chronological age and multiplying it by 100. In modern IQ tests, the raw score is transformed into a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. This allows for easier comparison of scores across different populations.

By understanding the purpose of IQ tests, the test administration process, and the types of intelligence assessed, individuals can gain a better understanding of what these tests measure and how they can provide valuable insights into cognitive abilities.

IQ and Success

IQ, or Intelligence Quotient, has long been studied as a potential predictor of success in various areas of life. While it is important to note that success is a multifaceted concept influenced by a range of factors, including personality traits and socioeconomic circumstances, IQ does play a role in certain aspects of success. Let's explore the relationship between IQ and career success, leadership, and other factors that contribute to overall success.

IQ and Career Success

Research suggests that individuals with higher IQs tend to have better career prospects and perform well in intellectually demanding professions. High IQs are particularly notable predictors for success in highly complicated, skilled occupations such as physicists, engineers, or even neurosurgeons. Psychologist John Antonakis emphasizes that IQ is the single most important predictor of work success, as it is a robust and reliable indicator.

However, it is important to recognize that career success requires more than just a high IQ. Other factors, such as being outgoing, friendly, confident, open to new experiences, and well-organized, also contribute to career success and overall happiness. These personality traits, often referred to as "soft skills," are essential for effective communication, teamwork, and adaptability in the workplace.

IQ and Leadership

Having a high IQ may make individuals more effective leaders, as they can quickly grasp complex concepts and solve problems. However, leadership success goes beyond IQ alone. Communication skills, emotional intelligence (EQ), and the ability to present complex ideas in a digestible way are also crucial for success in leadership roles. Effective leaders possess a combination of intellectual abilities, interpersonal skills, and emotional awareness that enable them to inspire and motivate others.

Other Factors Influencing Success

While IQ is an important factor in certain domains of success, it is essential to acknowledge that success is a multidimensional concept influenced by various factors. Factors such as socioeconomic status, educational opportunities, access to resources, and personal circumstances also play significant roles in determining success. Additionally, qualities like perseverance, resilience, creativity, and adaptability contribute to an individual's ability to navigate challenges and seize opportunities [8].

It is worth noting that high IQs have been associated with higher incomes, on average, compared to lower IQs. Past studies have shown that high IQs are reliable predictors for academic success, job performance, career potential, and creativity. However, it is crucial to consider the holistic nature of success and recognize that it encompasses various aspects beyond intelligence alone.

IQ and Academic Performance

When examining the relationship between IQ and academic performance, it is important to note that IQ alone is not the sole determinant of success in academics. While IQ, which measures cognitive abilities like reasoning and problem-solving, can influence academic performance, the actual link is nuanced and influenced by various factors.

Link Between IQ and Academic Success

In elementary school, there appears to be a strong and linear relationship between IQ and academic performance. Higher IQ scores tend to correspond with higher academic achievement. However, in high school, the relationship becomes more complex. A saturation effect is observed from an above-average IQ range onward, suggesting that the impact of IQ on academic success may plateau [9].

While IQ can be a predictor of academic success, it is not the sole determinant. Other factors such as motivation, effort, study habits, and socio-economic background play significant roles in academic achievement. It is important to recognize that students with lower IQ scores can excel through hard work and effective study strategies.

Nuances in IQ-Academic Performance Relationship

The relationship between IQ and academic performance is complex and influenced by various factors. Gifted individuals with high IQs may not necessarily exhibit higher academic performance due to factors such as boredom, lack of motivation, or utilizing their abilities to have more free time instead of achieving higher grades [9].

Additionally, the impact of IQ on academic success may vary depending on the educational level. A study conducted in Pernambuco, Brazil, showed that individuals with gifted-level IQs (126+) were more likely to have higher education degrees compared to those with disability-level IQs (75-).

Factors Influencing Academic Success

Academic success is influenced by various factors beyond IQ. Motivation, effort, study habits, and socio-economic background all play crucial roles in determining academic achievement. Students with lower IQ scores can excel by utilizing effective study strategies, developing good work habits, and maintaining a strong motivation to succeed. It is essential to create an environment that fosters a love for learning and provides support for students to reach their full potential regardless of their IQ level [9].

It is important to recognize that academic performance is a multifaceted outcome, and while IQ can contribute to success, it is not the sole factor. By understanding the complexities of the relationship between IQ and academic performance, educators and individuals can focus on developing a well-rounded approach to learning and provide support systems that cater to the diverse needs of students.